使用说明：
1. PD 98,059常见使用浓度范围为10-100μM。具体的最佳工作浓度请参考相关文献，或根据实验目的，
   以及所培养的特定细胞和组织，通过实验进行摸索和优化。

使用本产品的文献：
1. Tang XD, Zhou X, Zhou KY.
   Dauricine inhibits insulin-like growth factor-I-induced hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha
   protein accumulation and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human breast
   cancer cells.
   Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2009 May;30(5):605-16.
2. Kui L, Weiwei Z, Ling L, Daikun H, Guoming Z, Linuo Z, Renming H.
   Ghrelin inhibits apoptosis induced by high glucose and sodium palmitate in adult rat
   cardiomyocytes through the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.
   Regul Pept. 2009 Jun 5;155(1-3):62-9.
3. Shi X, Zhou B.
   The role of Nrf2 and MAPK pathways in PFOS-induced oxidative stress in zebrafish
   embryos.
   Toxicol Sci. 2010;115(2):391-400. Epub 2010 Mar 3.
4. Jin W, Li Q, Lin Y, Lu Y, Li H, Wang L, Hu R, Ma L, Wang J, Pang T.
   Reversal of Imatinib resistance in BCR-ABL-positive leukemia after inhibition of the
   Na+/H+exchanger.
   Cancer Lett. 2011 Sep 1;308(1):81-90.
5. Gong J, Shen XH, Chen C, Qiu H, Yang RG
   Down-regulation of HIV-1 infection by inhibition of the MAPK signaling pathway.
   Virol Sin. 2011 Apr;26(2):114-22.
6. Chen S, Liu AR, An FM, Yao WB, Gao XD.
   Amelioration of neurodegenerative changes in cellular and rat models of
   diabetes-relatedAlzheimer's disease by exendin-4.
   Age (Dordr). 2011 Sep 8.
7. Liu S, Li Y, Lin T, Fan X, Liang Y, Heemann U
   High dose human insulin and insulin glargine promote T24 bladder cancer cell
   proliferation viaPI3K-independent activation of Akt.
   Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011 Feb;91(2):177-82.
8. Huang Q, Yang Y, Li X, Huang S
   Transcription suppression of SARI (suppressor of AP-1, regulated by IFN) by BCR-ABL in
   humanleukemia cells.
   Tumour Biol. 2011 Dec;32(6):1191-7.
9. Fang S, Jin Y, Zheng H, Yan J, Cui Y, Bi H, Jia H, Zhang H, Wang Y, Na L, Gao X, Zhou H
   High glucose condition upregulated Txnip expression level in rat mesangial cells
   throughROS/MEK/MAPK pathway.
   Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Jan;347(1-2):175-82.
10.Li W, Liu Y, Li XX, Yu Y, Wu JJ, Wang Q, Huo H, Wang LM, Yang L.
   MAPKs are not involved in triptolide-induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in
   prostate cancer cell lines with different p53 status.
   Planta Med. 2011 Jan;77(1):27-31.
11.Feng J, Zhang P, Chen X, He G
   PI3K and ERK/Nrf2 pathways are involved in oleanolic acid-induced heme oxygenase-1
   expressionin rat vascular smooth muscle cells.
   J Cell Biochem. 2011 Jun;112(6):1524-31.
12.Lai T, Wang K, Hou Q, Zhang J, Yuan J, Yuan L, You Z, Xi M.
   Interleukin 17 induces up-regulation of chemokine and cytokine expression via
   activation of thenuclear factor κB and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
   pathways in gynecologic cancer cell lines.
   Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2011 Dec;21(9):1533-9.
13.Sheng X, Li M, Song S, Zhang N, Wang Y, Liang H, Wang W, Ji A
   Sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus
   promotesneurosphere migration and differentiation via up-regulation of N-Cadherin.
   Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2012 Apr;32(3):435-42.
14.Xu B, Wang N, Wang X, Tong N, Shao N, Tao J, Li P, Niu X, Feng N, Zhang L, Hua L,
   Wang Z, Chen M.
   MiR-146a suppresses tumor growth and progression by targeting EGFR pathway and in a
   p-ERK-dependent manner in castration-resistant prostate cancer.
   Prostate. 2012 Aug 1;72(11):1171-8.
15.Li ZL, Liu JC, Hu J, Li XQ, Wang SW, Yi DH, Zhao MG.
   Protective effects of hyperoside against human umbilical vein endothelial cell damage
   induced byhydrogen peroxide.
   J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Jan 31;139(2):388-94.
16.Liu L, Wang Y, Fan H, Zhao X, Liu D, Hu Y, Kidd AR 3rd, Bao J, Hou Y.
   MicroRNA-181a Regulates Local Immune Balance by Inhibiting Proliferation
   andImmunosuppressive Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells.
   Stem Cells. 2012 Aug;30(8):1756-70.
17.Wang LH, Chang GQ, Zhang HJ, Wang J, Lin YN, Jin WN, Li HW, Gao W, Wang RJ, Li QH,
   Pang TX.
   Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin regulates intracellular accumulation of
   Rh123 in cancercells.
   Genes Cells. 2012 Mar;17(3):205-17.
18.Song LJ, Liu RJ, Zeng Z, Alper SL, Cui HJ, Lu Y, Zheng L, Yan ZW, Fu GH.
   Gastrin inhibits a novel, pathological colon cancer signaling pathway involving EGR1,
   AE2, and P-ERK.
   J Mol Med (Berl). 2012 Jun;90(6):707-18.
19.Hu Y, Bai Y, Chu Z, Wang J, Wang L, Yu M, Lian Z, Hua J.
   GSK3 inhibitor-BIO regulates proliferation of female germline stem cells from the
   postnatal mouseovary.
   Cell Prolif. 2012 Aug;45(4):287-98.
20.Zhong Y, Liu T, Guo Z.
   Curcumin inhibits ox-LDL-induced MCP-1 expression by suppressing the p38MAPK and
   NF-κBpathways in rat vascular smooth muscle cells.
   Inflamm Res. 2012 Jan;61(1):61-7. doi: 10.1007/s00011-011-0389-3.
21.Zhong Y, Liu T, Lai W, Tan Y, Tian D, Guo Z.
   Heme oxygenase-1-mediated reactive oxygen species reduction is involved in the
   inhibitory effect of curcumin on lipopolysaccharide-induced monocyte chemoattractant
   protein-1 production in RAW264.7 macrophages.
   Mol Med Rep. 2012 Oct 22. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1138.
22.Liu SY, Liang Y, Lin TX, Su F, Liang WW, Uwe H, Li Y.
   MEK1 and MEK2 differentially regulate human insulin- and insulin glargine-induced human
   bladder cancer T24cell proliferation.
   Chin Med J (Engl). 2012 Dec;125(23):4197-201.
23.Xu S, Wen H, Jiang H.
   Urotensin II promotes the proliferation of endothelial progenitor cells through p38 and
   p44/42 MAPK activation.
   Mol Med Rep. 2012 Jul;6(1):197-200. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2012.899. Epub 2012 May 2.
24.Tian J, Jiang Y.
   Insulin upregulates the expression of zinc finger and BTB domain-containing 7A in HepG2
   cells.
   Mol Med Rep. 2012 Dec;6(6):1379-84. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1113. Epub 2012 Oct 1.
25.Li L, Han MX, Li S, Xu Y, Wang L.
   Hypoxia Regulates the Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Periodontal
   Ligament Cells UnderCyclic Tensile Stress via MAPK Pathways.
   J Periodontol. 2013 Jun 27.
26.Hu X, Wang H, Liu J, Fang X, Tao K, Wang Y, Li N, Shi J, Wang Y, Ji P, Cai W, Bai X,
   Zhu X, Han J, Hu D.
   The role of ERK and JNK signaling in connective tissue growth factor induced
   extracellular matrix proteinproduction and scar formation.
   Arch Dermatol Res. 2013 Jul;305(5):433-45. doi: 10.1007/s00403-013-1334-9.
   Epub 2013 Mar 15.
27.Lv C, Sun W, Sun H, Wei S, Chen R, Wang B, Huang C.
   Asperolide A, a marine-derived tetranorditerpenoid, induces G2/M arrest in human
   NCI-H460 lung carcinoma cells, is mediated by p53-p21 stabilization and modulated by
   Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway.
   Mar Drugs. 2013 Jan 29;11(2):316-31. doi: 10.3390/md11020316.
28.5.Yuan Y, Luo Q,Yang L,Song G.
   Role of FAK-ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway in Proliferation of Rat Bone-marrow Mesenchymal
   Stem Cells Stimulated by Cyclic Stretching.
   Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering, Vol 33, No 2 (2013).
29.Liang L, Luo M, Fu Y, Zu Y, Wang W, Gu C, Zhao C, Li C, Efferth T.
   Cajaninstilbene acid (CSA) exerts cytoprotective effects against oxidative stress
   through the Nrf2-dependentantioxidant pathway.
   Toxicol Lett. 2013 Jun 7;219(3):254-61. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.03.008.
   Epub 2013 Mar 25.
30.Zhao L, Zhang W, Chen M, Zhang J, Zhang M, Dai K.
   Aspirin Induces platelet apoptosis.
   Platelets. 2013 Jan 9.
31.Deng X, Rui W, Zhang F, Ding W.
   PM2.5 induces Nrf2-mediated defense mechanisms against oxidative stress by activating
   PIK3/AKT signalingpathway in human lung alveolar epithelial A549 cells.
   Cell Biol Toxicol. 2013 Jun;29(3):143-57. doi: 10.1007/s10565-013-9242-5.
   Epub 2013 Mar 24.
32.Xuejiao S, Yong X, Ningyu W, Lidan Z, Xuanhong S, Youzhi X, Tinghong Y, Yaojie S,
   Yongxia Z, Luoting Y.
   A Novel Benzothiazole Derivative YLT322 Induces Apoptosis via the Mitochondrial
   Apoptosis Pathway In Vitrowith Anti-Tumor Activity in Solid Malignancies.
   PLoS One. 2013 May 30;8(5):e63900. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063900. Print 2013.
33.Li ZL, Hu J, Li YL, Xue F, Zhang L, Xie JQ, Liu ZH, Li H, Yi DH, Liu JC, Wang SW.
   The effect of hyperoside on the functional recovery of the ischemic/reperfused isolated
   rat heart: potential involvement of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
   signaling pathway.
   Free Radic Biol Med. 2013 Apr;57:132-40. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.12.023.
   Epub 2013 Jan 3.
34.Zhang K, Meng X, Kong J, Liu FF, Yang JM, Gao F, Zhang Y, Zhang C.
   Simvastatin increases Prolyl-4-Hydroxylase α1 expression in atherosclerotic plaque and
   ox-LDL-stimulated human aortic smooth muscle cells via p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling.
   J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2013 Dec;65:43-50. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.09.010. Epub 2013
   Sep 29.
35.Feng Y, Niu LL, Wei W, Zhang WY, Li XY, Cao JH, Zhao SH.
   A feedback circuit between miR-133 and the ERK1/2 pathway involving an exquisite
   mechanism for regulating myoblast proliferation and differentiation.
   Cell Death Dis. 2013 Nov 28;4:e934. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2013.462.
36.Dong S, Kong J, Kong F, Kong J, Gao J, Ke S, Wang S, Ding X, Sun W, Zheng L.
   Insufficient radiofrequency ablation promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition of
   hepatocellular carcinoma cells through Akt and ERK signaling pathways.
   J Transl Med. 2013 Oct 29;11:273. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-273.
37.Wang Y, Huang Y, Guan F, Xiao Y, Deng J, Chen H, Chen X, Li J, Huang H, Shi C.
   Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and MAPK co-regulate activation of hepatic stellate
   cells upon hypoxia stimulation.
   PLoS One. 2013 Sep 10;8(9):e74051. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074051. eCollection
   2013.
38.Li W, Wu Z, Ma Q, Liu J, Xu Q, Han L, Duan W, Lv Y, Wang F, Reindl KM, Wu E.
   Hyperglycemia regulates TXNIP/TRX/ROS axis via p38 MAPK and ERK pathways in pancreatic
   cancer.
   Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2014 May;14(4):348-56.
39.Wang P, Zeng Y, Liu T, Zhang C, Yu PW, Hao YX, Luo HX, Liu G.
   Chloride intracellular channel 1 regulates colon cancer cell migration and invasion
   through ROS/ERK pathway.
   World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Feb 28;20(8):2071-8. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i8.2071.
40.Liu C, Yang J, Fu W, Qi S, Wang C, Quan C, Yang K.
   Coactivation of the PI3K/Akt and ERK signaling pathways in PCB153-induced NF-κB
   activation and caspase inhibition.
   Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2014 Jun 15;277(3):270-8. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.03.027.
   Epub 2014 Apr 12.
41.Qian C, Yao J, Wang J, Wang L, Xue M, Zhou T, Liu W, Si J.
   ERK1/2 inhibition enhances apoptosis induced by JAK2 silencing in human gastric cancer
   SGC7901 cells.
   Mol Cell Biochem. 2014 Feb;387(1-2):159-70. doi: 10.1007/s11010-013-1881-6. Epub 2013
   Nov 1.
42.Qi T, Zhang W, Luan Y, Kong F, Xu D, Cheng G, Wang Y.
   Proteomic profiling identified multiple short-lived members of the central proteome as
   the direct targets of the addicted oncogenes in cancer cells.
   Mol Cell Proteomics. 2014 Jan;13(1):49-62. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M113.027813. Epub 2013
   Oct 8.
43.Zheng HL, Yang J, Hou Y, Sun B, Zhang Q, Mou Y, Wand L, Wu C.
   Oligomer procyanidins (F2) isolated from grape seeds inhibits tumor angiogenesis and
   cell invasion by targeting HIF-1α in vitro.
   Int J Oncol. 2015 Feb;46(2):708-20. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2744. Epub 2014 Nov 10.